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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 3 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 3

From: A monitoring network for anomalous propagation of aeronautical VHF radio waves due to sporadic E in Japan

Fig. 3

Distribution of the Tx/Rx stations and corresponding sensing area. a Map of 6 Rx stations (Sarobetsu, Sugadaira, Oarai, Chofu, Kure and Onna), VOR Tx stations (black dots) and the Es propagation zone centered at Chofu. The small white disc near the center represents the normal (ground wave) propagation zone. The small gray doughnut-shaped area corresponds to the skip zone. Radio waves from very high-frequency stations located within the large white zone, the range between 600 and 2500 km from the receiving station, may propagate to the receiving station due to ionospheric reflection by the Es layer. b Distribution of mid-point between the Tx and Rx stations, which corresponds to the sensing area of the current Es observations

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