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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 12 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 12

From: Possible fluid discharge associated with faults observed by a high-resolution dense-2D seismic reflection survey in Uchiura Bay off Numazu, Japan

Fig. 12

a Conceptual diagram of a possible cause of the EWFs observed on lines 14 and 16. Those EWFs may be explained by wind-induced downwelling and upwelling water movements known as the Langmuir circulation, which involves the development of a series of convective cells with ~ 10 to 50 m wide and ~ 5 to 6 m deep (Pinet 1998). According to the weather information service of Japan Meteorological Agency (2020), the average wind speed during the survey was 4.1 m/s from the northeast, whose speed is responsible for the formation of the Langmuir cells. BP represents boat position. b This figure shows the EWF pattern 3 on line 14 observed in the downwelling zone at boat position 1. c The EWF pattern 2 on line 14 at boat position 2. d The EWF pattern 1 on line 14 at boat position 3. e The EWF pattern 1 on line 16 observed in the upwelling zone at boat position 4. f The EWF pattern 2 on line 16 at boat position 5. g The EWF pattern 3 on line 16 at boat position 6

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