Fig. 9From: Ionospheric irregularities and scintillations: a direct comparison of in situ density observations with ground-based L-band receiversExamples of the 8-s-long data segment of \(N_e\) obtained from the Swarm satellites and their corresponding PSD. The black dotted lines in the top panels represent the mean of the raw data (or the trend line). The middle panels present the segments after detrendingBack to article page