Fig. 10

Impact of asthenospheric flow on the seismic and slow-slip cycles. a The earthquake catalog from the simulation with coupled brittle and ductile deformation. Great earthquakes (red stars with event numbers) corresponding to full rupture of the seismogenic zone are connected by black lines with partial ruptures (orange stars) and slow earthquakes (yellow stars) in order of occurrence. b The earthquake catalog from the simulation with only brittle deformation along the megathrust segments. Events are connected by a blue line. c Slip deficit (black and blue for models with and without viscoelastic flow, respectively) at the center of the seismogenic zone (segment B). Earthquake recurrence time starts to be modulated by viscoelastic flow after several super-cycles (about 560 years). a–c share the same x-axis. d The enlarged view of earthquake cycles of the time period between 500 and 600 years in c. e and f share the same x-axis as d. e Effect of viscoelastic flow on long-term slow-slip events. f Effect of asthenosphere flow on short-term slow-slip events. g Distribution of recurrence times for earthquakes with force larger than \(10^8\) N (all ruptures) with (gray) our without (blue) coupling with viscoelastic flow. h Distribution of recurrence time of great earthquakes with force larger than \(10^{10}\)N (only full ruptures)