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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 2 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 2

From: Double-thin-shell approach to deriving total electron content from GNSS signals and implications for ionospheric dynamics near the magnetic equator

Fig. 2

Orthogonal network for functional fitting. Each node of the orthogonal layer calculates a component of the surface harmonics. The weighted sum of the outputs of the orthogonal layer for each shell is further transferred by the function \(\hat{\sigma }\) in the output layer. The sum of the two shells gives the vertical TEC. Weights and biases are adjusted to minimize the residual error

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