Fig. 4

Vertical cross-section of the three‑dimensional (3-D) resistivity structure with the corresponding sources of geophysical phenomena. a Cross-section of the study area in the E–W direction at NS = − 250 m. b Cross-section of the study area in the N–S direction at EW = 0 m. The hypocenters located within ± 250 m of each profile are denoted by black dots. The cross symbol indicates the demagnetization source, as identified by Hashimoto et al. (2010). The region enclosed by the black dashed line denotes the area including the ground inflation source located by the Regional Volcanic Observation and Warning Center, Sapporo Regional Headquarters, JMA (2018)