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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 8 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 8

From: Atmospheric modes excited by the 2021 August eruption of the Fukutoku-Okanoba volcano, Izu–Bonin Arc, observed as harmonic TEC oscillations by QZSS

Fig. 8

a Numerical simulation of the upward propagation of atmospheric acoustic waves and ionospheric electron density anomalies made by the passage of the wave. Red and blue parts show the positive and negative electron density anomalies (arbitrary unit) in the north–south vertical section. We assumed a simple N-shaped pulse with a period of 4 min. Geomagnetic field (Inclination: 34.5º, Declination −3.0º, at a point ~ 300 km above Fukutoku-Okanoba, shown as makes north–south asymmetry. Details of the simulation are described in Kundu et al. (2021). In b we compare slant TEC signatures to be obtained by observing a satellite in the northern/southern skies, with elevation 45º, from hypothetical southern/northern points Ps/Pn (gray curves), and those assuming the real geometry of 0603-J07 (red curve). Unit is arbitrary and only relative amplitudes are meaningful. c Line-of-sight from 0603 to J07 extends almost southward with the similar elevation, the situation similar to the case for the point Pn

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