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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 5 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 5

From: Propagation characteristics of sporadic E and medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs): statistics using HF Doppler and GPS-TEC data in Japan

Fig. 5

Distributions of the directions and speed of Es and MSTIDs in 2014–2017. The total number of events is 122. a Propagation directions of Es and MSTIDs in 2014–2017. A number of samples are displayed in the central color map. In the top panel, the histogram shows the number of Es samples as a function of propagation parameter. In the right panel, the histogram gives the number of MSTIDs samples. b Speeds of Es and MSTIDs in 2014–2017 in a similar format as panel a

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