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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 2 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 2

From: On using a double-thin-shell approach and TEC perturbation component to sound night-time mid-latitude E–F coupling

Fig. 2

Typical geometric relation of a GNSS satellite (S) and a receiver (R) in double-thin-shell approximation. \(\eta\) and \(\gamma\) are the elevation and azimuth of the satellite, respectively, \(\chi\) is the local satellite zenith angle, \(\psi\) is the geocentric angle, \({R}_{e}\) represents the mean radius of the Earth, \({h}_{E}\) and \({h}_{F}\) represent the heights of E and F layers, respectively. Red points of intersection (\(\lambda\), \(\varphi\)) are referred to as the ionosphere pierce points (IPPs)

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