Fig. 8From: Nonlinear triggering process of whistler-mode emissions in a homogeneous magnetic fieldVDF of energetic electrons \(f(v_{\parallel }\),\(v_{\perp })\) observed at \(x=204.8\ c\Omega _e^{-1}\) (after integration over \(x=203.2\)–\(206.4\ c\Omega _e^{-1}\)) and \(t=\) t0–t4. a Initial VDF \(f_0\). b–e \(\Delta f=f-f_0\). White and black dashed curves indicate the resonance velocity of the triggering waveBack to article page