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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 2 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 2

From: Electromagnetic conjugacy of ionospheric disturbances after the 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcanic eruption as seen in GNSS-TEC and SuperDARN Hokkaido pair of radars observations

Fig. 2

Polar maps (a) and (b) of detrended TEC in geographic coordinates at 08:10 and 09:00 UT on 15 January. The detrended TEC values are indicated by two different color codes in a range of −0.2 to 0.2 TECU. The detrended TEC values expressed in the gray scale are the magnetic conjugate detrended TEC ones in the Southern Hemisphere. Polar maps (c) and (d) of detrended TEC and line-of-site Doppler velocity in geographic coordinates. The plotted time is the same as that of panels (a) and (b). The line-of-site Doppler velocity observed by the SuperDARN Hokkaido east and west radars is shown by the right-bottom color bar in a range of −80 to 80 m/s. The blue and purple curves show the sunset terminators at a height of 105 and 300 km, respectively. The pink dashed circle in panel (c) corresponds to the observed region of positive line-of-site Doppler velocity along the wavefront structure of positive TEC perturbations

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