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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 7 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 7

From: Ionospheric signatures of repeated passages of atmospheric waves by the 2022 Jan. 15 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption detected by QZSS-TEC observations in Japan

Fig. 7

Geographic distribution of the VTEC residuals at 8 epochs from Jan. 15, 10:20 UT (a) to 11:30 UT (h), from best-fit degree-4 polynomials estimated for t = 7–18 excluding the data within t = 9–14 (see Fig. S1 for the fit of such reference curves). I used all GNSS stations in Japan (small gray dots in Fig. 1) and three QZSS satellites J02, J03, and J07. The wavefront of the first LW passage is not so clear as Fig. 2 because of the existence of extremely large amplitude disturbances in Central Japan. The epoch of panel g corresponds to that of Fig. 2a

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