Fig. 2
From: Topside equatorial spread F-related field-aligned Poynting flux: observations and simulations
Typical observations of EPDs by the Swarm satellites as a function of quasi-dipole latitude. From top to bottom, a and b present plasma density (n) and magnetic local time (MLT)—in the same panel, electric and magnetic field components perpendicular to the mean geomagnetic field (\(\mathbf {\delta E}_\perp , \ \mathbf {\delta B}_\perp\)), and field-aligned Poynting flux (\(\mathbf {S}_\parallel\)). a and b are observations from Swarm Bravo (ca. 520 km) and Charlie (ca. 470 km) describing examples of northward and southward Poynting flux, respectively. The gray line in the bottom panels is the Poynting flux computed with the measurements in the middle panels. After using a rolling ball algorithm, the red and blue lines are the final Poynting flux. The gray regions highlight flagged events used in the statistics—i.e., each gray region corresponds to a single point in the following scatter plots