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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 1 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 1

From: Estimation of paleo-permeability around a seismogenic fault based on permeability tensor from observable geometric information of quartz veins

Fig. 1

a Geometric definition of the normal unit vector, \({\varvec{n}}\), of a fracture (or vein) approximated as a disk-shape with a radius, \(r\). b Considering the trend as \(\alpha\), and the plunge as \(\beta\), \({\varvec{n}}\) can be illustrated as shown in the figure. In this study, \({x}_{1}\), \({x}_{2}\), and \({x}_{3}\) correspond with east, north, and vertical directions (upward being positive), respectively

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