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Table 3 RMS of the east/north/up components for daily PPP using the precise orbit and clock of each analysis center as well as the combined solutions for different constellations. ‘WMC’ indicates the combined solutions in this study (unit: cm)

From: Multi-GNSS clock combination with consideration of inconsistent nonlinear variation and satellite-specific bias

Solution

GPS

GLONASS

Galileo

All

COM

0.36/0.23/0.54

0.52/0.34/0.76

0.58/0.45/0.99

0.28/0.22/0.55

ESM

0.33/0.18/0.48

0.50/0.33/0.74

0.53/0.42/0.93

0.25/0.18/0.46

GFM

0.35/0.20/0.49

0.53/0.36/0.76

0.55/0.42/0.94

0.29/0.19/0.48

GRM

0.35/0.20/0.50

0.58/0.39/0.84

0.70/0.48/1.09

0.30/0.20/0.49

JAM

0.34/0.19/0.49

0.50/0.35/0.76

-/-/-

0.28/0.18/0.44

WUM

0.32/0.18/0.47

0.49/0.34/0.72

0.59/0.43/1.00

0.27/0.19/0.48

WMC

0.31/0.17/0.45

0.49/0.31/0.69

0.52/0.40/0.90

0.23/0.17/0.45