Fig. 1

Seismicity map of the 2021 Lamjung seismic sequence (red circles) in central Nepal. The triangles materialize the seismic stations used in this study. Grey circles: epicenters of the earthquakes that happened after the Gorkha earthquake (NEMRC catalogue 2020). Yellow circles: earthquakes that triggered the seismic alarm before Gorkha earthquake. Thick dark green polylines correspond to the 2 m isocontours of the Gorkha earthquake slip at depth (Grandin et al. 2015). The dark green segment with double arrows roughly separates the segment of Main Himalayan Thrust ruptured (1) and unruptured (2) during the 2015 Gorkha earthquake, and was drawn after confronting the source models of Gorkha earthquake and the catalogue of aftershocks (Adhikari et al. 2023). Blue dashed polylines correspond to the 10 cm isocontours of the afterslip (Zhao et al. 2017). KKN Kakani seismological station