Fig. 9

Seismotectonic interpretation of the seismicity (NonLinLoc catalogue, the figure with Hypo71 results is only marginally different) during the Lamjung earthquake crisis. The mainshock and largest aftershock epicenters are, respectively, represented by the dark red and red stars. The structures are constrained by field observations (structural measures of the bedding and schistosity) measured locally, that complemented a previous cross section built further east in Adhikari et al. (2021) as well as the balanced cross section of Ghoshal et al. 2023. The main difference with the recently published Ghoshal et al. 2023 cross section—optimized using Plio-Quaternary low-temperature chronometry ages—is that the mid-crustal ramp presented here as active is consistent with a very recent Holocene migration of the ramp documented by Grandin et al. (2012) and the location of the Physiographic Transition 2 (PT2), which marks the southern extent of a narrow region of high incision and exhumation