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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 11 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 11

From: New aspects of the upper atmospheric disturbances caused by the explosive eruption of the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai volcano

Fig. 11

Comparison of the average electron density profiles (a) before and b–d after the large HTHH volcanic eruption on 15 January and those on the two days before (13 and 14 January) and the one day after (16 January). The error bar indicates the standard deviation of the electron density at each altitude. The F2 layer vanished between 10:00 and 18:00 UT (Sun et al. 2022a, b, c)

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