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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 12 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 12

From: New aspects of the upper atmospheric disturbances caused by the explosive eruption of the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai volcano

Fig. 12

Observation of the EPB and air pressure wave between 11:20 to 12:00 UT on 15 January 2022. a Two-dimensional map of ROTI and the Himawari-8 temperature deviation (d3) at 11:40 UT, indicated by the color and gray scales, respectively. The yellow and red lines represent the 105 and 300 km sunset terminators. The horizontal dashed curves show the geomagnetic latitude every 10°. b Electron density observed by the Arase satellite and geographic latitude-time plot of Himawari-8 d3 data along the geographic longitude of the Arase satellite location. c Two-dimensional map of ROTI with the electron density along the Arase satellite path in the same period as in Fig. 11b. The smoothed gray curve is the Arase satellite orbit, while the thick orange line around the smoothed curve is the electron density variation (Shinbori et al. 2023)

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