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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 9 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 9

From: New aspects of the upper atmospheric disturbances caused by the explosive eruption of the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai volcano

Fig. 9

A schematic view of the relationship among the HTHH volcanic eruption, geomagnetically conjugate point, inter-hemispheric field-aligned currents, electric field transmission, ionospheric Hall current, and magnetic effect on the ground. In this figure, the symbol ‘V’ represents the neutral wind velocity in the ionospheric dynamo layer (mainly E-layer) caused by the HTHH eruption. Ep and V × B indicate the polarization and Lorentz electric fields (Iyemori et al. 2022)

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