Fig. 3

Examples of earthquake records obtained by DAS and onshore seismic stations. a, c, e A magnitude 2.8 earthquake beneath the HTHH crater at 07:40:55 (UT) on 12 Feb. 2023. b, d, f The largest earthquake (magnitude 6.1) recorded during the observation period at 01:21:42 (UT) on 13 Feb. 2023. a, b are DAS strain records. c, d are ground velocities recorded by Nanometrics Trillium Compact seismometers at the TCL station. e, f are ground velocities at station TNG1. The x-axes show elapsed time from the event origin. Strain and velocity seismograms were band-pass filtered between 1 and 20 Hz. Earthquake magnitudes are those estimated in this study