Fig. 2

Cumulative PALSAR-2 LOS change associated with the 2014–2015 and 2018–2019 unrests. a Path 124 LOS change from September 9, 2014 to August 11, 2015 and b to May 14, 2019. c Topographic relief map lighting from WSW. d Path 18 LOS change from November 30, 2017 to July 30, 2015 and e to March 21, 2019. f Topographic relief map lighting from ESE. Boxes indicate the extracted point of the temporal LOS change shown in Fig. 3. Dashed lines indicate the position of the LOS change cross section in Fig. 4, and thin dashed lines show data extracted regions for LOS change cross section. Black arrows indicate the position of Oana crater