Fig. 2.
From: 3D numerical simulation of volcanic eruption clouds during the 2011 Shinmoe-dake eruptions
Results of 3D numerical model of the development of a bent-over plume during the 2011 Shinmoe-dake eruptions; (a–d) isosurface of ξ = 0.01 at 120, 240, 360, and 480 s from eruption initiation, respectively, where ξ is the mass fraction of the ejected material; (e–f) cross-sectional distribution of ξ; positions of cross-sections are indicated by dotted lines in (a–d). Parameters used and vent conditions are given in Table 1.