- Article
- Open access
- Published:
Automatic seismic wave arrival detection and picking with stationary analysis: Application of the KM2O-Langevin equations
Earth, Planets and Space volume 59, pages 567–577 (2007)
Abstract
An automatic detection and a precise picking of the arrival times of seismic waves using digital seismograms are important for earthquake early detection systems. Here we suggest a new method for detecting and picking P-and S-wave signals automatically. Compared to methods currently in use, our method requires fewer assumption with properties of the data time series. We divide a record into intervals of equal lengths and check the “local and weak stationarity” of each interval using the theory of the KM2O-Langevin equations. The intervals are stationary when these include only background noise, but the stationarity breaks abruptly when a seismic signal arrives and the intervals include both the background noise and the P-wave. This break of stationarity makes us possible to detect P-wave arrival. We expand the method for picking of S-waves. We applied our method to earthquake data from Hi-net Japan, and 90% of P-wave auto-picks were found to be within 0.1 s of the corresponding manual picks, and 70% of S-wave picks were within 0.1 s of the manual picks. This means that our method is accurate enough to use as a part of the seismic early detection system.
References
Akaike, H. and T. Nakagawa, Statistical Analysis and Control of Dynamic Systems, KTK Scientific Publishers, Tokyo, 1988.
Allen, R., Automatic phase pickers: Their present use and future prospects, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 72, 225–242, 1982.
Anant, S. K. and F. U. Dowla, Wavelet transform methods for phase identification in three-component seismogram, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 87, 1598–1612, 1997.
Leonard, M., Comparison of manual and automatic onset time picking, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 90, 1384–1390, 2000.
Leonard, M. and B. L. N. Kennett, Multi-component autoregressive techniques for the analysis of seismograms, Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors, 113, 247–264, 1999.
Maeda, N., A method for reading and checking phase times in auto-processing system of seismic wave data, Zisin, 38, 365–379, 1985.
Matsuura, M. and Y. Okabe, On a non-linear prediction problem for one-dimensional stochastic processes, Japan J. Math., 27, 51–112, 2001.
Okabe, Y., On the theory of KM2O-Langevin equations for stationary flows (1): characterization theorem, J. Math. Soc. Japan., 51, 817–841, 1999.
Okabe, Y., On the theory of KM2O-Langevin equations for stationary flows (2): construction theorem, Acta Applicandae Mathematicae., 63, 307–322, 2000.
Okabe, Y. and Y. Nakano, The theory of KM2O-Langevin equations and its applications to data analysis (I): stationary analysis, Hokkaido Math. J., 20, 45–90, 1991.
Okabe, Y. and T. Yamane, The theory of KM2O-Langevin equations and its applications to data analysis (II): deterministic analysis, Nagoya Math. J., 152, 175–201, 1998.
Okabe, Y., M. Matsuura, M. Takeo, and H. Ueda, On an abnormality test for detecting initial phases of earthquakes, Math. Eng. Tech. Rep., METR-2003-41, Department of Mathematical Informatics, The University of Tokyo, 2003.
Reading, A. M., W. Mao, and D. Gubbins, Polarization filtering for automatic picking of seismic data and improved converted phase detection, Geophys. J. Int., 147, 227–234, 2001.
Sleeman, R. and T. van Eck, Robust automatic P-phase picking: an on-line implementation in the analysis of broadband seismogram recordings, Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors, 113, 265–275, 1999.
Snedecor, G. W., W. G. Cochran, ISU Statistics Depts. Staff, D. F. Cox, Statistical Methods, 8th ed., pp. 53–55, pp. 71-73, Blackwell Publishing Limited, 1989.
Student (Gosset, W. S.), The probable error of a mean, Biometrika, 6, 1., 1–25, 1908
Takanami, T. and G. Kitagawa, A new efficient procedure for the estimation of onset times of seismic waves, J. Phys. Earth, 36, 267–290, 1988.
Vidale, J. E., Complex polarization analysis of particle motion, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 76, 1393–1405, 1986.
Withers, M., R. Aster, C. Young, J. Beiriger, M. Harris, S. Moore, and J. Trujikko, A comparison of select trigger algorithms for automated global seismic phase and event detection, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 88, 95–106, 1998.
Yokota, T., S. Zhou, M. Mizoue, and I. Nakamura, An automatic measurement of the arrival time of seismic waves and its application to an on-line processing system, Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst. Univ. Tokyo, 55, 449–484, 1981 (in Japanese with English abstract).
Zhang, H., C. Thurber, and C. Rowe, Automatic P-Wave arrival detection and picking with multiscale wavelet analysis for single-component recordings, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 93, 1904–1912, 2003.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Nakamula, S., Takeo, M., Okabe, Y. et al. Automatic seismic wave arrival detection and picking with stationary analysis: Application of the KM2O-Langevin equations. Earth Planet Sp 59, 567–577 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03352719
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03352719