Fig. 1

Schematic of the nonlinear Burgers model and ideal stress-versus-strain curve for olivine aggregates. a The Maxwell element has a dashpot and the spring in series. The spring in the Maxwell element represents the elastic strain, where \(G_\mathrm {M}\) is the Young’s modulus, and the dashpot represents the long-term inelastic strain. The Kelvin element has the spring in parallel with the dashpot, and represents the transient inelastic strain, where \(G_\mathrm {K}\) is the hardening coefficient. b) Strain rate as an input to the nonlinear Burgers model. c–g Stress, Kelvin strain, Maxwell strain, Kelvin strain rate, and Maxwell strain rate response in the nonlinear Burgers model, respectively