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  1. The Earth is unique in our solar system in having a buoyant, highland-forming continental crust with a differentiated, andesitic composition; thus, it can be referred to as an “andesite planet.” Andesitic magm...

    Authors: Yoshiyuki Tatsumi, Takeshi Sato and Shuichi Kodaira
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:91
    Content type: Frontier letter Published on:

  2. Morphological characteristics of daytime mid-latitude sporadic-E (Es) patches are studied by two-dimensional total electron content (TEC) maps drawn using the Japanese dense network of Global Positioning Syste...

    Authors: Jun Maeda and Kosuke Heki
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:89
    Content type: Frontier letter Published on:

  4. We propose candidate models for IGRF-12. These models were derived from parent models built from 10 months of Swarm satellite data and 1.5 years of magnetic observatory data. Using the same parameterisation, a...

    Authors: Vincent Lesur, Martin Rother, Ingo Wardinski, Reyko Schachtschneider, Mohamed Hamoudi and Aude Chambodut
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:87
    Content type: FULL PAPER Published on:

  5. Recently developed parameterization of stationary orographic gravity waves (OGWs) generated by the Earth’s topography was implemented into a general circulation model of the middle and upper atmosphere. We per...

    Authors: Nikolai M. Gavrilov, Andrej V. Koval, Alexander I. Pogoreltsev and Elena N. Savenkova
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:86
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  6. Penetration of a radio frequency (rf) electromagnetic field into a magnetized plasma is discussed by performing one-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. We consider two models: an electrostatic (ES)...

    Authors: Fumiko Otsuka, Tohru Hada, Shunjiro Shinohara and Takao Tanikawa
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:85
    Content type: Research Published on:

  7. We present an in situ evidence of electron beam-associated symmetric bipolar electrostatic solitary waves (ESWs) on the current sheet-side of the separatrix of the magnetic reconnection in the near-Earth magne...

    Authors: Shiyou Li, Shifeng Zhang, Hong Cai and Huabo Yang
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:84
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  8. Records of sunspot and aurora observations in pre-telescopic historical documents can provide useful information about solar activity in the past. This is also true for extreme space weather events, as they ma...

    Authors: Hisashi Hayakawa, Harufumi Tamazawa, Akito Davis Kawamura and Hiroaki Isobe
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:82
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  10. In this paper, the responses of the ionosphere to the solar cycle and solar rotation variations of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) irradiance are comparatively investigated using daily mean global electron content (...

    Authors: Yiding Chen, Libo Liu, Huijun Le and Hui Zhang
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:80
    Content type: Letter Published on:

  11. The 12th generation of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) was adopted in December 2014 by the Working Group V-MOD appointed by the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA...

    Authors: Erwan Thébault, Christopher C Finlay, Ciarán D Beggan, Patrick Alken, Julien Aubert, Olivier Barrois, Francois Bertrand, Tatiana Bondar, Axel Boness, Laura Brocco, Elisabeth Canet, Aude Chambodut, Arnaud Chulliat, Pierdavide Coïsson, François Civet, Aimin Du…
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:79
    Content type: LETTER Published on:

  12. The solar wind conditions of an extreme geomagnetic storm were examined using magnetic field observations obtained from geosynchronous satellites and the disturbance storm-time (Dst) index. During geosynchrono...

    Authors: Tsutomu Nagatsuma, Ryuho Kataoka and Manabu Kunitake
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:78
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  13. Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) have the potential to cause electric power blackouts. Hence, it is important to study the effects of GICs produced by intense geomagnetic storms. The measurements of GIC...

    Authors: Shinichi Watari
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:77
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  15. To reveal the temporal change of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) asymmetry, a multipoint satellite-ground beacon experiment was conducted along the meridional plane of the Thailand–Indonesia sector. Th...

    Authors: Kornyanat Watthanasangmechai, Mamoru Yamamoto, Akinori Saito, Takashi Maruyama, Tatsuhiro Yokoyama, Michi Nishioka and Mamoru Ishii
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:75
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  16. We investigated the effects of the F region bottomside altitude (h’F), maximum upward E × B drift velocity, duration of pre-reversal enhancement and the integral of upward E × B drift on the latitudinal extension...

    Authors: Prayitno Abadi, Yuichi Otsuka and Takuya Tsugawa
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:74
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  17. The hard sphere model for liquids attempts to capture the physical behavior of a real liquid in a simple conceptual model: a fluid of fixed size spheres that only interact repulsively when they come into conta...

    Authors: George Helffrich
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:73
    Content type: FULL PAPER Published on:

  18. It is important to develop Martian soil simulants that can be used in Mars exploration programs and Mars research. A new Martian soil simulant, called Jining Martian Soil Simulant (JMSS-1), was developed at th...

    Authors: Xiaojia Zeng, Xiongyao Li, Shijie Wang, Shijie Li, Nicole Spring, Hong Tang, Yang Li and Junming Feng
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:72
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  19. We present the geomagnetic field model COV-OBS.x1, covering 1840 to 2020, from which have been derived candidate models for the IGRF-12. Towards the most recent epochs, it is primarily constrained by first dif...

    Authors: Nicolas Gillet, Olivier Barrois and Christopher C Finlay
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:71
    Content type: FULL PAPER Published on:

  20. GEOMAGIA50.v3 is a comprehensive online database providing access to published paleomagnetic, rock magnetic, and chronological data from a variety of materials that record Earth’s magnetic field over the past ...

    Authors: Maxwell C Brown, Fabio Donadini, Monika Korte, Andreas Nilsson, Kimmo Korhonen, Alexandra Lodge, Stacey N Lengyel and Catherine G Constable
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:83
    Content type: TECHNICAL REPORT Published on:

  21. GEOMAGIA50.v3 for sediments is a comprehensive online database providing access to published paleomagnetic, rock magnetic, and chronological data obtained from lake and marine sediments deposited over the past...

    Authors: Maxwell C Brown, Fabio Donadini, Andreas Nilsson, Sanja Panovska, Ute Frank, Kimmo Korhonen, Maximilian Schuberth, Monika Korte and Catherine G Constable
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:70
    Content type: TECHNICAL REPORT Published on:

  22. We describe the candidate models submitted by the British Geological Survey for the 12th generation International Geomagnetic Reference Field. These models are extracted from a spherical harmonic ‘parent model...

    Authors: Brian Hamilton, Victoria A Ridley, Ciarán D Beggan and Susan Macmillan
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:69
    Content type: FULL PAPER Published on:

  23. The International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) is a model of the geomagnetic main field and its secular variation, produced every 5 years from candidate models proposed by a number of international resea...

    Authors: Patrick Alken, Stefan Maus, Arnaud Chulliat and Chandrasekharan Manoj
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:68
    Content type: FULL PAPER Published on:

  24. Three carbonaceous category 3 particles (RA-QD02-0180, RB-QD04-0037-01, and RB-QD04-0047-02) returned in the sample catcher from the Hayabusa spacecraft were analyzed by time of flight-secondary ion mass spect...

    Authors: Hiroshi Naraoka, Dan Aoki, Kazuhiko Fukushima, Masayuki Uesugi, Motoo Ito, Fumio Kitajima, Hajime Mita, Hikaru Yabuta, Yoshinori Takano, Toru Yada, Yukihiro Ishibashi, Yuzuru Karouji, Takaaki Okada and Masanao Abe
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:67
    Content type: Letter Published on:

  25. Late Cretaceous Chisulryoung Volcanic Formation (CVF) in southeastern Korea contains four ash-flow ignimbrite units (A1, A2, A3, and A4) and three intervening volcano-sedimentary layers (S1, S2, and S3). Relia...

    Authors: Doohee Jeong, Yongjae Yu, Seong-Jae Doh, Dongwoo Suk and Jeongmin Kim
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:66
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  26. The geomagnetic storm during the Carrington event, which occurred on 2 September 1859, displayed extremely rapid recovery. The geomagnetic field increased by approximately 650 nT/h at Bombay, India, and by >30...

    Authors: Kunihiro Keika, Yusuke Ebihara and Ryuho Kataoka
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:65
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  27. Two methods are introduced to estimate the depth of origin of ejecta trajectories (depth to magma level in conduit) and the diameter of a conduit in an erupting crater, using analysis of videos from the Eyjafj...

    Authors: Tobias Dürig, Magnus T Gudmundsson and Pierfrancesco Dellino
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:64
    Content type: Letter Published on:

  28. In 1972, a reconstruction experiment of a kiln had been done to reproduce an excavated kiln of the seventh century in Japan. Baked clay samples were taken from the floor surface and −20 cm level, and they have...

    Authors: Yuhji Yamamoto, Masayuki Torii and Nobuyoshi Natsuhara
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:63
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  29. Geoelectric voltages have been continuously observed at Kakioka, Kanoya, and Memambetsu for more than 50 years. The geoelectric fields obtained at the three sites for a recent 11-year period (2000 to 2011) wer...

    Authors: Ikuko Fujii, Takashi Ookawa, Shingo Nagamachi and Takeshi Owada
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:62
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  30. Eolian dust plays an important role in the Earth’s climate system. Environmental magnetism has been widely used to trace dust variations at different spatial and temporal scales. However, the magnetic properti...

    Authors: Qingsong Liu, Youbin Sun, Xiaoke Qiang, Ryuji Tada, Pengxiang Hu, Zongqi Duan, Zhaoxia Jiang, Jianxing Liu and Kai Su
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:61
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  31. Planets are formed from collisional growth of small bodies in a protoplanetary disk. Bodies much larger than approximately 1 m are mainly controlled by the gravity of the host star and experience weak gas drag...

    Authors: Hiroshi Kobayashi
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:60
    Content type: Frontier letter Published on:

  32. We searched for superflares on solar-type stars using Kepler data with 1-min sampling in order to detect superflares with a short duration. We found 187 superflares on 23 solar-type stars whose bolometric ener...

    Authors: Hiroyuki Maehara, Takuya Shibayama, Yuta Notsu, Shota Notsu, Satoshi Honda, Daisaku Nogami and Kazunari Shibata
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:59
    Content type: FRONTIER LETTER Published on:

  34. The role of the Absolute Scalar Magnetometer (ASM) in the European Space Agency (ESA) Swarm mission is to deliver absolute measurements of the magnetic field’s strength for science investigations and in-flight...

    Authors: Jean-Michel Léger, Thomas Jager, François Bertrand, Gauthier Hulot, Laura Brocco, Pierre Vigneron, Xavier Lalanne, Arnaud Chulliat and Isabelle Fratter
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:57
    Content type: Frontier letter Published on:

  37. To better understand the acceleration mechanism of high-energy particles that are driven by solar flares, we examined solar neutron signals. We have performed a statistical analysis by reviewing the data colle...

    Authors: Diego Lopez and Yutaka Matsubara
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:54
    Content type: LETTER Published on:

  38. We observed vertical movements of the Murono mud volcano, Niigata, Japan, caused by the Naganoken Kamishiro Fault Earthquake (M = 6.7) on 22 November 2014. Precise levelling around the mud volcano was carried out...

    Authors: Shigekazu Kusumoto, Toshiki Hamamoto, Yoichi Fukuda and Atsushi Takahashi
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:53
    Content type: Letter Published on:

  39. We investigate shear wave polarization anisotropy in the upper crust around the source region of the 1891 Nobi earthquake, central Japan. At most stations, the orientation of the faster polarized shear wave is...

    Authors: Yoshihiro Hiramatsu and Takashi Iidaka
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:52
    Content type: Letter Published on:

  41. Magnetic fluctuations in the extremely low-frequency (ELF) range from 0.1 to 10 Hz were found by the Lunar Magnetometer (LMAG) of the magnetic field and plasma experiment (MAP) on board the spacecraft Kaguya i...

    Authors: Tomoko Nakagawa, Tatsuya Nakashima, Takuya Wada, Hideo Tsunakawa, Futoshi Takahashi, Hidetoshi Shibuya, Hisayoshi Shimizu, Masaki Matsushima and Yoshifumi Saito
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:50
    Content type: FULL PAPER Published on:

  42. The interaction between the solar wind and solar system bodies, such as planets, satellites, and asteroids, is one of the fundamental global-scale phenomena in space plasma physics. In the present study, the e...

    Authors: Takayuki Umeda and Keiichiro Fukazawa
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:49
    Content type: Frontier letter Published on:

  43. Diffuse CO2 emission surveys were carried out at São Vicente, Brava, and Fogo islands, Cape Verde, archipelago to investigate the relationship between diffuse CO2 degassing and volcanic activity. Total amounts of...

    Authors: Samara M Dionis, Nemesio M Pérez, Pedro A Hernández, Gladys Melián, Fátima Rodríguez, Eleazar Padrón, Hirochika Sumino, Jose Barrrancos, Germán D Padilla, Paulo Fernandes, Zuleyka Bandomo, Sónia Silva, Jose M Pereira, Hélio Semedo and Jeremias Cabral
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:48
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  46. The Bayonnaise Knoll caldera is a conical silicic caldera located on the eastern part of the back-arc rift zone of the Izu-Ogasawara arc. Many geological and geophysical surveys have shown that the Bayonnaise ...

    Authors: Mikiya Yamashita, Takafumi Kasaya, Narumi Takahashi, Kaoru Takizawa and Shuichi Kodaira
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:45
    Content type: Letter Published on:

  48. We report the first observation of the disappearance of a plasma bubble over geomagnetically conjugate points. It was observed by airglow imagers at Darwin, Australia (magnetic latitude: −22°N) and Sata, Japan...

    Authors: Kazuo Shiokawa, Yuichi Otsuka, Kenneth JW Lynn, Philip Wilkinson and Takuya Tsugawa
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:43
    Content type: FULL PAPER Published on:

  50. We present new seismicity and focal-mechanism data for the Fergana basin and surrounding mountain belts in western Kyrgyzstan from a temporary local seismic network. A total of 210 crustal earthquakes with hyp...

    Authors: Christian Feld, Christian Haberland, Bernd Schurr, Christian Sippl, Hans-Ulrich Wetzel, Sigrid Roessner, Michèle Ickrath, Ulan Abdybachaev and Sagynbek Orunbaev
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2015 67:40
    Content type: Letter Published on:
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