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  1. Wave–particle interactions are fundamental processes in space plasma, and some plasma waves, including electrostatic solitary waves (ESWs), are recognised as broadband noises (BBNs) in the electric field spect...

    Authors: Masaki N. Nishino, Yoshiya Kasahara, Yuki Harada, Yoshifumi Saito, Hideo Tsunakawa, Atsushi Kumamoto, Shoichiro Yokota, Futoshi Takahashi, Masaki Matsushima, Hidetoshi Shibuya, Hisayoshi Shimizu, Yukinaga Miyashita, Yoshitaka Goto and Takayuki Ono
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2022 74:9
    Content type: Express Letter Published on:

  2. A regional harmonic spline geomagnetic main field model, Southern Africa Core Field Model (SACFM-3), is derived from Swarm satellite and ground-based data for the southern African region, in the eastern part o...

    Authors: Emmanuel Nahayo and Monika Korte
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2022 74:8
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  4. A spectrogram of Power Line Harmonic Radiation (PLHR) consists of a set of lines with frequency spacing corresponding exactly to 50 or 60 Hz. It is distinct from a spectrogram of Magnetospheric Line Radiation ...

    Authors: Michel Parrot, Frantisěk Němec, Morris B. Cohen and Mark Gołkowski
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2022 74:4
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  5. The Japanese MMX sample return mission to Phobos by JAXA will carry a rover developed by CNES and DLR that will be deployed on Phobos to perform in situ analysis of the Martian moon’s surface properties. Past ...

    Authors: Patrick Michel, Stephan Ulamec, Ute Böttger, Matthias Grott, Naomi Murdoch, Pierre Vernazza, Cecily Sunday, Yun Zhang, Rudy Valette, Romain Castellani, Jens Biele, Simon Tardivel, Olivier Groussin, Laurent Jorda, Jörg Knollenberg, Jan Thimo Grundmann…
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2022 74:2
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  6. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) plans a Phobos sample return mission (MMX: Martian Moons eXploration). In this study, we review the related works on the past climate of Mars, its evolution, and the p...

    Authors: Kazunori Ogohara, Hiromu Nakagawa, Shohei Aoki, Toru Kouyama, Tomohiro Usui, Naoki Terada, Takeshi Imamura, Franck Montmessin, David Brain, Alain Doressoundiram, Thomas Gautier, Takuya Hara, Yuki Harada, Hitoshi Ikeda, Mizuho Koike, François Leblanc…
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2022 74:1
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  7. High-quality data are vital to the research field of paleointensity, which has long suffered from poor-quality and/or sparse data. Previous paleointensity work has established that repeatedly heating specimens...

    Authors: J. Michael Grappone, James M. Russell and Andrew J. Biggin
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:235
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  8. Satellite-measured tidal magnetic signals are of growing importance. These fields are mainly used to infer Earth’s mantle conductivity, but also to derive changes in the oceanic heat content. We present a new ...

    Authors: Jan Saynisch-Wagner, Julien Baerenzung, Aaron Hornschild, Christopher Irrgang and Maik Thomas
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:234
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  9. The hydrological, geological and meteorological conditions in southwestern China are relatively complex, so that the land surface deformation presents various features. Using 58 Crustal Movement Observation Ne...

    Authors: Shuguang Wu, Zhao Li, Houpu Li, Guigen Nie, Jingnan Liu and Yuefan He
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:233
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  10. Mineralogy is the key to understanding the origin of Phobos and its position in the evolution of the Solar System. In situ Raman spectroscopy on Phobos is an important tool to achieve the scientific objectives...

    Authors: Yuichiro Cho, Ute Böttger, Fernando Rull, Heinz-Wilhelm Hübers, Tomàs Belenguer, Anko Börner, Maximilian Buder, Yuri Bunduki, Enrico Dietz, Till Hagelschuer, Shingo Kameda, Emanuel Kopp, Matthias Lieder, Guillermo Lopez-Reyes, Andoni Gaizka Moral Inza, Shoki Mori…
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:232
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  11. We performed zircon U–Pb dating on the Pliocene Tanigawa-dake granites (Makihata and Tanigawa bodies) and the Cretaceous Minakami quartzdiorite, Northeast Japan Arc. Concordia ages were estimated to be 3.95 ± ...

    Authors: Saki Minami, Mitsuhiro Nagata, Shigeru Sueoka, Shoma Fukuda, Yuya Kajita, Yasuhiro Ogita, Saya Kagami, Tatsunori Yokoyama and Takahiro Tagami
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:231
    Content type: Express Letter Published on:

    The Correction to this article has been published in Earth, Planets and Space 2022 74:129

  14. Using the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) data from ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers in Japan, we compared ionospheric responses to five explosive volcanic eruptions 20...

    Authors: Mokhamad Nur Cahyadi, Eko Yuli Handoko, Ririn Wuri Rahayu and Kosuke Heki
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:228
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  15. The science operations of the spacecraft and remote sensing instruments for the Martian Moon eXploration (MMX) mission are discussed by the mission operation working team. In this paper, we describe the Phobos...

    Authors: Tomoki Nakamura, Hitoshi Ikeda, Toru Kouyama, Hiromu Nakagawa, Hiroki Kusano, Hiroki Senshu, Shingo Kameda, Koji Matsumoto, Ferran Gonzalez-Franquesa, Naoya Ozaki, Yosuke Takeo, Nicola Baresi, Yusuke Oki, David J. Lawrence, Nancy L. Chabot, Patrick N. Peplowski…
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:227
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  16. In order to investigate the origin of Phobos and Deimos, the Japanese Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) mission is scheduled for launch in 2024. MMX will make comprehensive remote-sensing measurements of both mo...

    Authors: Koji Matsumoto, Naru Hirata, Hitoshi Ikeda, Toru Kouyama, Hiroki Senshu, Keiko Yamamoto, Hirotomo Noda, Hideaki Miyamoto, Akito Araya, Hiroshi Araki, Shunichi Kamata, Nicola Baresi and Noriyuki Namiki
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:226
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  17. The matched filter technique is often used to detect microearthquakes such as deep low-frequency (DLF) earthquakes. It compares correlation coefficients (CC) between waveforms of template earthquakes and the o...

    Authors: Ryo Kurihara, Aitaro Kato, Sumito Kurata and Hiromichi Nagao
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:225
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  18. Ocean bottom electromagnetometers (OBEMs) installed on the seafloor around Nishinoshima Island (Bonin Islands) were missing after a December volcanic eruption. In February 2021, one was found on a beach on Iri...

    Authors: Noriko Tada, Haruka Nishikawa, Hiroshi Ichihara, Hiromi Kayama Watanabe and Tatsu Kuwatani
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:224
    Content type: Express Letter Published on:

  19. Dynamic earthquake rupture causes mass redistribution around the fault, and the emitted propagating seismic waves are accompanied by bulk density perturbations. Both processes cause transient gravity changes p...

    Authors: Masaya Kimura, Nobuki Kame, Shingo Watada, Akito Araya, Takashi Kunugi and Rongjiang Wang
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:223
    Content type: Express Letter Published on:

  20. An altimeter is a critical instrument in planetary missions, for both safe operations and science activities. We present required specifications and link budget calculations for light detection and ranging (LI...

    Authors: Hiroki Senshu, Takahide Mizuno, Kazuhiro Umetani, Toru Nakura, Akihiro Konishi, Akihiko Ogawa, Hirokazu Ikeda, Koji Matsumoto, Hirotomo Noda, Yoshiaki Ishihara, Sho Sasaki, Naoki Tateno, Yasuyuki Ikuse, Katsunori Mayuzumi, Teiji Kase and Hisayoshi Kashine
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:219
    Content type: Technical report Published on:

  21. The JAXA’s Martian Moons Exploration (MMX) mission is planned to reveal the origin of Phobos and Deimos. It will remotely observe both moons and return a sample from Phobos. The nominal instruments include the...

    Authors: Shingo Kameda, Masanobu Ozaki, Keigo Enya, Ryota Fuse, Toru Kouyama, Naoya Sakatani, Hidehiko Suzuki, Naoya Osada, Hiroki Kato, Hideaki Miyamoto, Atsushi Yamazaki, Tomoki Nakamura, Takaya Okamoto, Takahiro Ishimaru, Peng Hong, Ko Ishibashi…
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:218
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  22. The MEGANE instrument onboard the MMX mission will acquire gamma-ray and neutron spectroscopy data of Phobos to determine the elemental composition of the martian moon and provide key constraints on its origin...

    Authors: Nancy L. Chabot, Patrick N. Peplowski, Carolyn M. Ernst, Hari Nair, Michael Lucks, R. Josh Steele and David J. Lawrence
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:217
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  23. The mass spectrum analyzer (MSA) will perform in situ observations of ions and magnetic fields around Phobos as part of the Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) mission to investigate the origin of the Martian moon...

    Authors: Shoichiro Yokota, Naoki Terada, Ayako Matsuoka, Naofumi Murata, Yoshifumi Saito, Dominique Delcourt, Yoshifumi Futaana, Kanako Seki, Micah J. Schaible, Kazushi Asamura, Satoshi Kasahara, Hiromu Nakagawa, Masaki N. Nishino, Reiko Nomura, Kunihiro Keika, Yuki Harada…
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:216
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  26. Two-thirds of the 111 active volcanoes in Japan are covered with snow for several months during winter and demonstrate high hazard and risk potentials associated with snow-related lahars during and after erupt...

    Authors: Kyoko S. Kataoka, Kae Tsunematsu, Takane Matsumoto, Atsushi Urabe and Katsuhisa Kawashima
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:220
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  27. The surfaces of the Martian moons, Phobos and Deimos may offer a stable environment for long-term operation of platforms. We present a broad assessment of potential scientific investigations, as well as strate...

    Authors: Elliot Sefton-Nash, Guillaume Thébault, Olivier Witasse, Detlef Koschny, Beatriz Sánchez-Cano and Alejandro Cardesín-Moinelo
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:215
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  28. The Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) mission will study the Martian moons Phobos and Deimos, Mars, and their environments. The mission scenario includes both landing on the surface of Phobos to collect samples ...

    Authors: Hideaki Miyamoto, Takafumi Niihara, Koji Wada, Kazunori Ogawa, Hiroki Senshu, Patrick Michel, Hiroshi Kikuchi, Ryodo Hemmi, Tomoki Nakamura, Akiko M. Nakamura, Naoyuki Hirata, Sho Sasaki, Erik Asphaug, Daniel T. Britt, Paul A. Abell, Ronald-Louis Ballouz…
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:214
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  29. The mothership of the Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) will perform the first landing and sampling on the surface of Phobos. For the safe landing, the 2.1-m-wide mothership of the MMX should find a smooth surfa...

    Authors: Tomohiro Takemura, Hideaki Miyamoto, Ryodo Hemmi, Takafumi Niihara and Patrick Michel
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:213
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  31. The MMX infrared spectrometer (MIRS) is an imaging spectrometer onboard MMX JAXA mission. MMX (Martian Moon eXploration) is scheduled to be launched in 2024 with sample return to Earth in 2029. MIRS is built a...

    Authors: Maria Antonietta Barucci, Jean-Michel Reess, Pernelle Bernardi, Alain Doressoundiram, Sonia Fornasier, Michel Le Du, Takahiro Iwata, Hiromu Nakagawa, Tomoki Nakamura, Yves André, Shohei Aoki, Takehiko Arai, Elisa Baldit, Pierre Beck, Jean-Tristan Buey, Elisabet Canalias…
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:211
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  32. The global amplitude of the westward propagating quasi-16-day waves (16DW) with wavenumber 1 (Q16W1), the strongest component of 16DW, are derived from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ER...

    Authors: Wentao Tang, Shaodong Zhang, Chunming Huang, Kaiming Huang, Yun Gong and Quan Gan
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:210
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  33. High-frequency Doppler (HFD) sounding is one of the major remote sensing techniques used for monitoring the ionosphere. Conventional systems for HFDs mainly utilize analog circuits. However, existing analog sy...

    Authors: Hiroyuki Nakata, Kenro Nozaki, Yuhei Oki, Keisuke Hosokawa, Kumiko K. Hashimoto, Takashi Kikuchi, Jun Sakai, Ichiro Tomizawa and Satoko Saita
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:209
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  35. Small-scale seismic velocity heterogeneity has been studied through the calculation of peak amplitude ratio as a means to quantify the strength of seismic wave scattering at volcanoes in Japan. This ratio is d...

    Authors: Gugi Ganefianto, Hisashi Nakahara and Takeshi Nishimura
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:207
    Content type: Express Letter Published on:

  36. In this study we performed a detailed analysis on the scale-size of field-aligned currents (FACs) at auroral latitudes, using the well-calibrated magnetic data from the non-dedicated magnetic field mission, Gr...

    Authors: Chao Xiong, Claudia Stolle, Ingo Michaelis, Hermann Lühr, Yunliang Zhou, Hui Wang, Guram Kervalishvili and Jan Rauberg
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:206
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  38. Poloidal–toroidal magnetic field decomposition is a useful application of the Mie representation and the decomposition method enables us to determine the current density observationally and unambiguously in th...

    Authors: S. Toepfer, Y. Narita, W. Exner, D. Heyner, P. Kolhey, K. -H. Glassmeier and U. Motschmann
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:204
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  39. Estimation of the traditional transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) impedances of the magnetotelluric tensor for two-dimensional structures can be decoupled from the estimation of the strike di...

    Authors: Rocío F. Arellano-Castro and Enrique Gómez-Treviño
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:203
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  40. The ionosphere is one of the important sources for magnetospheric plasma, particularly for heavy ions with low charge states. We investigate the effect of solar illumination on the number flux of ion outflow u...

    Authors: Naritoshi Kitamura, Kanako Seki, Kunihiro Keika, Yukitoshi Nishimura, Tomoaki Hori, Masafumi Hirahara, Eric J. Lund, Lynn M. Kistler and Robert J. Strangeway
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:202
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  41. Thermospheric mass density values around the 400-km altitude in the cusp can be significantly enhanced as compared to regions around the cusp. To gain insights into the extent to which the magnitude of the cus...

    Authors: Tomokazu Oigawa, Hiroyuki Shinagawa and Satoshi Taguchi
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:201
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  42. The Shanxi Rift located in the central part of the North China Craton (NCC) as a boundary between the Ordos block and the Huabei basin. The Shanxi graben system is a Cenozoic rift and originated from back-arc ...

    Authors: Yifang Chen, Jiuhui Chen, ShunCheng Li, Zhanyang Yu, Xuzhou Liu and Xuzhang Shen
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:200
    Content type: Full paper Published on:

  43. The southern part of the Ryukyu subduction zone has recorded tsunami events with a recurrence interval of several hundred years. Although their source is controversial, one model suggests that the last 1771 Ya...

    Authors: Masayuki Kano, Aoi Ikeuchi, Takuya Nishimura, Shin’ichi Miyazaki and Takeshi Matsushima
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:199
    Content type: Express Letter Published on:

  45. We describe the way a global model of the geomagnetic field has been built using vector field data acquired by the absolute scalar magnetometers (ASM) running in vector mode on board the Alpha and Bravo satell...

    Authors: Pierre Vigneron, Gauthier Hulot, Jean-Michel Léger and Thomas Jager
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:197
    Content type: Express Letter Published on:

  46. The study of slow earthquake activity, which occurs in the shallow and deep sides of seismogenic zone, is crucial for understanding subduction zones, including variations in frictional properties with depth an...

    Authors: Yusuke Yamashita, Masanao Shinohara and Tomoaki Yamada
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:196
    Content type: Express Letter Published on:

  47. The Whakaari/White Island volcano, located ~ 50 km off the east coast of the North Island in New Zealand, has experienced sequences of quiescence, unrest, magmatic and phreatic eruptions over the last decades....

    Authors: Corentin Caudron, Társilo Girona, Arthur Jolly, Bruce Christenson, Martha Kane Savage, Roberto Carniel, Thomas Lecocq, Ben Kennedy, Ivan Lokmer, Alexander Yates, Ian Hamling, Iseul Park, Geoff Kilgour and Agnès Mazot
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:195
    Content type: Frontier Letter Published on:

  48. The Median Tectonic Line (MTL) is a thousand-kilometer-long fault that extends across southwest Japan. Near the Nyugawa region of Shikoku, the MTL comprises (i) a low-angle inactive terrane boundary fault (the MT...

    Authors: Masahiro Miyawaki and Arito Sakaguchi
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:194
    Content type: Express Letter Published on:

  50. Each International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) model released under the auspices of the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy comprises a secular variation component that describes the ...

    Authors: Alexandre Fournier, Julien Aubert, Vincent Lesur and Erwan Thébault
    Citation: Earth, Planets and Space 2021 73:190
    Content type: Frontier Letter Published on:
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